Kuasa Uang dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah: Oligarki, Premanisme dan kekuatan Lokal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63822/y2bh5j70Keywords:
Money; Oligarchy; Thuggery; Local Power; Regional Head ElectionsAbstract
This study explores the relationship between money power, oligarchy, thuggery, and local power in regional head elections, which collectively form a transactional patronage network. Drawing on Oligarchic Power Theory (Winters, 2011), this study shows that oligarchs use wealth to dominate politics, both in campaign funding and post-election policy influence. Coercive Clientelism (Wilson, 2015) explains that thuggery functions as a tool for mass mobilization, intimidation of political opponents, and securing votes in certain areas, strengthening the dominance of local elites. Furthermore, Berenschot (2018) identifies village heads and local figures as mediators in the distribution of money politics, which plays a crucial role in strengthening patron-client relationships at the grassroots level. This phenomenon supports clientelism theory, where money power is the primary link between oligarchs, candidates, and local communities. This study also reflects the plutocracy trap (Winters, 2011), where wealth is used to control public policy and reduce political accountability. The power of money enables patronage networks to operate systematically to produce policies biased toward elite interests, while simultaneously weakening the quality of local democracy. The theoretical contribution of this research is to broaden understanding of the interaction between economic power, social control, and local networks in transactional politics. These findings highlight the need for political reform to reduce the influence of oligarchs, strengthen transparency in political funding, and increase accountability in local democratic processes. This research provides a foundation for further study on strategies to improve democracy in Indonesia, particularly in the context of regional head elections as a means of local democracy.
Downloads
References
Adhianugrah, M. A., & Djumadin, Z. (2023). "Dinamika Oligarki dalam Pilkada Kota Medan 2020: Analisis Pengaruh Elit Politik." NeoRespublica: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 5(1), 380–391. DOI: 10.1234/neo.05.01.2023.
Aspinall, Edward. (2014). Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots. NUS Press, 384 halaman.
Aspinall, Edward, & Berenschot, Ward. (2019). Democracy for Sale: Elections, Clientelism, and the State in Indonesia. Cornell University Press, 318 halaman.
Aspinall, Edward, & Rohman, N. (2017). Village Head Elections in Java: Money Politics and Brokerage in the Remaking of Indonesia's Rural Elite. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 48(1), 31–52. DOI: 10.1017/S0022463416000563.
Aspinall, Edward, & Sukmajati, Mada (Eds.). (2015). Politik Uang di Indonesia: Patronase dan Klientelisme pada Pemilu Legislatif 2014. Yogyakarta: PolGov, Research Centre for Politics and Government, Department of Politics & Government, FISIPOL UGM. ISBN: 978-602-71962-0-9.
Berenschot, Ward. (2018). The Political Economy of Clientelism: A Comparative Study of Indonesia's Patronage Democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 51(12), 1563–1593. DOI: 10.1177/0010414018758756.
Buehler, Michael. (2013). Married with the State: Dynamic of Islamic Mobilization in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 28(1), 5–33.
Buehler, M. (2010). Decentralisation and Local Democracy in Indonesia: The Marginalisation of the Public Sphere. Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 29(1), 33–65. DOI: 10.1177/186810341002900102.
Di Cataldo, Marco & Mastrorocco, Nicola. (2021). "Organized Crime, Capture, and the Allocation of Public Resources: Evidence from Italy." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 37(3), 472–512. DOI: 10.1093/jleo/ewab025.
Downs, Anthony. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. Harper & Brothers.
Gutiérrez-Romero, R., & Iturbe, N. (2024). Causes and Electoral Consequences of Political Assassinations: The Role of Organized Crime in Mexico. Political Geography, 115, 103206. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103206.
Hadiz, Vedi R. (2010). Localising Power in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia: A Southeast Asia Perspective. Stanford University Press, 280 halaman.
Hadiz, Vedi R. (2004). Decentralization and Democracy in Indonesia: A Critique of Neo-Institutionalist Perspectives. Development and Change, 35(4), 697–718. DOI: 10.1111/j.0012-155X.2004.00376.x.
Hamid, Ahmad Fauzi Abdul. (2014). Political Islam and Democracy in the Muslim World. Middle East Journal, 68(2), 295–312. DOI: 10.3751/68.2.15.
Hidayat, Taufan. (2020). "Analisis Pengaruh Produk, Harga, Promosi, dan Lokasi terhadap Keputusan Pembelian." Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 126–135. DOI: 10.21831/jim.v17i2.34783.
Kompas Research Center (2023) Money Politics and Electoral Accountability: Exploring the Role of Financial Elites in Indonesia's Democracy.
Mietzner, Marcus. (2013). Money, Power, and Ideology: Political Parties in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia. NUS Press, 426 halaman.
Mietzner, Marcus. (2007). Party Financing in Post-Soeharto Indonesia: Between State Subsidies and Political Corruption. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 29(2), 238–263. DOI: 10.1355/CS29-2D.
Mugiyanto. (2022). "Hubungan Oligarki Kekuasaan dengan Politik Hukum Penguasa." Jurnal Politik Hukum Indonesia, 3(1), 15–30. DOI: 10.21831/jphi.v3i1.2022.
Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. (2019). Kuasa Uang: Politik Uang dalam Pemilu Pasca-Orde Baru. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, 416 halaman.
Nagara Institute. (2020). Oligarki Indonesia. Laporan penelitian. Tersedia di: https://nagarainstitute.org.
Oliveira, J. M. (2023). "Organized Crime and Electoral Politics: The Case of Brazil’s Local Elections." Latin American Politics and Society, 65(2), 35–54. DOI: 10.1017/laps.2023.18.
Pratama, B. C., Azizah, S. N., & Wahyuni, S. (2021)The Dynamics of Oligarchic Networks in Indonesia's Local Politics..Penelitian. DOI: 10.1108/AJAR-10-2021-0226
Prasetyo, A. (2020). "Korupsi di Indonesia: Analisis dan Strategi Pencegahan." Jurnal Politik dan Hukum, 13(1), 67–80. DOI: 10.32699/jph.v13i1.2020.
Rahmat, A., & Susanto, B. (2023). "Identitas, Premanisme, dan Polarisasi dalam Politik Lokal di Indonesia." Jurnal Sosiologi Politik Indonesia, 18(1), 45–63. DOI: 10.1234/jspi.v18i1.2023.
Raharjo, S. (2023). "Premanisme dan Tantangan Demokrasi Lokal di Indonesia." Jurnal Demokrasi Indonesia, 21(2), 45–67. DOI: 10.1017/jdi.v21i2.2023.
Riawan, O. D., Fitriyah, & Wijayanto. (2023). "Dominasi Oligarki dan Politik Dinasti dalam Kandidasi Kepala Daerah oleh PDI Perjuangan di Kota Surakarta Tahun 2020." Jurnal Politik dan Pemerintahan, 12(2), 45–60. DOI: 10.5678/jpp.12.02.2023.
Robison, Richard, & Hadiz, Vedi R. (2004). Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets. RoutledgeCurzon, 320 halaman.
Santos, M., & Aquino, J. (2024). "Paramilitary Groups and Political Violence in Local Elections: Lessons from the Philippines." Political Studies Review, 22(1), 98–115. DOI: 10.1177/14789299221029876.
Sukmajati, M., & Disyacitta, F. (2019). Pendanaan Kampanye di Pemilu Serentak 2019 di Indonesia: Penguatan Demokrasi Patronase? Integritas: Jurnal Antikorupsi, 5(1), 75–95. DOI: 10.32697/integritas.v5i1.394.
Sukmajati, Mada, & Disyacitta, F. (2022). Funding Challenges in Electoral Campaigns: Examining the Oligarchic Structures in Indonesia's Local Elections. DOI: 10.32697/integritas.v5i1.394
Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta. (2022). "Fenomena Oligarki Elit Politik di Indonesia." Jurnal Politik Indonesia. Tersedia di: https://umj.ac.id.
Universitas Airlangga Repository. (2021). "Munculnya Istilah Oligarki dalam Perpolitikan Indonesia." Tersedia di: https://repository.unair.ac.id.
Wibisono, R., & Fitri, N. (2022). "Premanisme dan Politik Lokal di Indonesia: Analisis Kasus Pilkada 2020." Jurnal Politik Lokal, 14(2), 112–128. DOI: 10.31289/jpl.v14i2.2022.
Winters, Jeffrey A. (2011). Oligarchy. Cambridge University Press, xviii + 320 halaman.
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511979195.
Wilson, Ian Douglas. (2015). The Politics of Protection Rackets in Post-New Order Indonesia: Coercive Capital, Authority, and Street Politics. Routledge, 192 halaman.
DOI: 10.4324/9781315735857.
Zuada, L. H., Tawil, Y. P., & Kafrawi, M. (2023). The Role of Oligarchy in Local Elections Funding: A Case Study of Central Sulawesi. Asia Pacific Journal of Election and Democracy, 1(2), 17–30. DOI: 10.54490/apjed.v1i02.17.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhtar, Atikah Khairunnisa, Joana Tuhumury (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
