Benchmarking Pemuliaan Tanaman Modern melalui Systematic Literature Review dan Meta-analisis: Pengaruh Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) dan Seleksi Genomik terhadap Percepatan Perakitan Varietas, Kemajuan Genetik, dan Akurasi Seleksi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63822/d0c8h515Keywords:
Marker-Assisted Selection, Genomic Selection, kultur jaringan, CRISPR-Cas, pemuliaan tanaman modernAbstract
Penelitian ini membahas percepatan pemuliaan tanaman modern melalui penerapan tiga pendekatan bioteknologi utama, yaitu Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)/ Genomic Selection (GS), kultur jaringan, dan teknologi CRISPR-Cas. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah lambatnya siklus pemuliaan konvensional yang menyebabkan keterlambatan dalam menghasilkan varietas unggul tahan cekaman dan penyakit, padahal kebutuhan akan peningkatan produktivitas pertanian semakin mendesak. Melalui pendekatan Systematic Literature Review (SLR) berdasarkan pedoman PRISMA 2020, penelitian ini menganalisis berbagai studi empiris dari tahun 2016–2025 untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas ketiga teknologi tersebut. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa GS mampu mempercepat siklus seleksi dan meningkatkan genetic gain per satuan waktu, sedangkan MAS efektif untuk karakter yang dikendalikan gen mayor. Kultur jaringan terbukti mampu menghasilkan bibit yang seragam, bebas patogen, serta mempercepat perbanyakan tanaman, sementara doubled haploid memungkinkan pembentukan galur homozigot hanya dalam satu hingga dua musim tanam. Selain itu, CRISPR-Cas memberikan peluang besar dalam meningkatkan hasil dan mutu tanaman dengan risiko off-target yang rendah apabila dirancang secara tepat. Integrasi ketiga teknologi ini berpotensi menciptakan sistem pemuliaan tanaman yang lebih cepat, presisi, dan efisien sehingga dapat mendukung pengembangan varietas unggul secara berkelanjutan.
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